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判了灾异缘起人事的谬说;《遭虎》、《商虫》篇否定了虫虎之害因政而起的妄言;
《订鬼入《论死》、《死伪》、《纪妖》等篇批判了人死为鬼说;《四讳》、《讥
日》、《卜筮》、《辨崇》则批判了佞卜、讳忌等陋俗。其反对天故生人,天人感
应和长生不老等观点已分见于上,这里特举其鬼神学说以见一斑。鬼神问题,一直
是古代社会困绕人们心灵的问题,也是儒家学派欲说还休的棘手问题。当子路向孔
子请教鬼神之事,孔子反问:&1dquo;未能事人,焉能事鬼?”子路又请教死后境况,孔
子还是反问说:&1dquo;未知生,焉知死?”(《论语·先进》)似乎对鬼神生死之事漠
不关心。但是他又重视&1dquo;丧祭”之礼(《尧曰》);主张&1dquo;祭神如神在”(《八佾》);
称赞大禹&1dquo;致孝乎鬼神”(《泰伯》)。似乎又前后矛盾。其实孔子既不反对鬼神,
也不迷信鬼神,其原因在《说苑·辨物》中有清楚的说明:子贡问人死之后有知还
是无知,孔子说:&1dquo;吾欲言死者有知也,恐孝子顺孙妨生以送死也;欲言无知,恐
不孝子孙弃之不葬也。”在孔子看来,搞清一个问题的是非并不重要,关键在于它
的社会价值。因鬼神说还有某些教化作用,于是姑不置论,故《述而》说&1dquo;子不语
怪力乱神”;《雍也》载孔子主张&1dquo;敬鬼神而远之”。与孔子回避不谈相反,王充
旗帜鲜明地宣称:&1dquo;人死不为鬼,无知,不能害人”!他说:人&1dquo;禀气于元”,死
后,&1dquo;复归元气”,犹之乎&1dquo;水凝为冰,冰释为水”。元气是没有知觉的,死后复
归何得有知觉:&1dquo;人未生,无知也;其死,归无知之本,何能有知乎?”(《论死》)
人的形体须待精气形成,而精气产生智慧,又须附托形体才能实现:&1dquo;形须气而成,
气须形而智。”具体说来:&1dquo;人之所以聪明智慧者,以含五常之气也。五常之气所
以在人者,以五脏在形中也。五脏不伤,则人智慧;五脏有病,则人荒忽,荒忽则
愚痴矣。人死,五脏腐朽,腐朽则五常无所托矣,所用藏智者已败矣,所用为智者
已去矣。”人死之后,为智为精的载体已不复存在,哪里还会有精神不死呢?精神
和形体的关系犹之乎火焰之与蜡烛一样,&1dquo;人之死犹火之灭也,火灭而耀不照,人
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