第45章 周易否卦第十二(第2页)
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注释
[1]包羞力争包容,却自取羞辱。
点评
六三之位,不中不正,代表阴柔小人的势力,虽竭力争取上九阳刚的包容,但遭到上九的拒绝,结果是自取羞辱。
九四,有命无咎[1],畴离祉[2]。
《象》曰“有命无咎”,志行也。
注释
[1]命既指天命,也指君命。[2]畴俦类。离附丽。祉福祉。
点评
上卦乾之三阳,俦类相同,依附团结,连类而进,可获福祉。《否》卦展到九四,进入以阳刚为主导的乾体,象征小人道长的势头业已终结,君子道长的势头即将开始,符合物极必反、否极泰来的天命规律,故称之为“有命”。从人事的操作层面看,九四为近君的大臣,以阳刚之质而居柔位,刚而能柔,面临着由否而泰的转折关头,既有雄强健动积极进取的才智,又能接受君主的委任信托,顺以听命,辅佐君主完成拨乱反正的大业。这就起到了一种带动的作用,把三阳的势力团结起来,同心同德,实现振兴局面的共同的志愿。所以说,“‘有命无咎’,志行也”。
九五,休否[1],大人吉。其亡其亡,系于苞桑[2]。
《象》曰大人之吉,位正当也。
注释
[1]休否即休止否道,使小人道长的形势得到根本的扭转。[2]其亡其亡,系于苞桑将要灭亡、将要灭亡,要像系着于牢固的桑树根丛那样。
点评
实际上,《否》卦展到九四,就已经启动了休否的过程了,但是只有展到九五,才能最后完成。这是因为,九五以阳刚中正之德而居于至尊的君位,总揽全局,掌握了最高的权力,对于扭转形势能够挥决定性的作用,而九四则是居于大臣之位,虽然德才兼备,只能在君主的倡导下挥辅助参赞的作用,做到“有命无咎”,为休否的过程准备必要的条件。因此,为了担当休否的重任,必须位与德二者集于一人之身,虽有其位苟无其德,不可以休否;虽有其德苟无其位,亦不可以休否,所以《小象》强调指出“大人之吉,位正当也。”虽然《否》卦展到九五阶段,已经扭转了形势,休止了否道,但是仍有许多遗留的问题,局面并不稳定。应该戒慎恐惧,居安思危,反复告诫自己,“其亡其亡,系于苞桑”。只有怀着忧患意识,念念不忘将会陷入危亡,才能像系着于牢固的桑树根丛那样,保持国家的长治久安。
上九,倾否[1],先否后喜[2]。
《象》曰否终则倾,何可长也。
注释
[1]倾否倾覆否闭的局势。[2]先否后喜起先否闭不通,最终通泰而喜。
点评
《泰》卦上六以“城复于隍”为象,城墙崩塌倾覆于城壕之中,象征泰极则倾,转入否道。《否》卦上九居于穷极之地,遵循物极必反的规律,“否终则倾”,由否塞转而为泰通。事物的展不到穷极之地不会有根本的转变,所以无论是泰极否来还是否极泰来,都有一个从量变到质变的过程,展到上爻才最终完成。
就《否》卦而言,下卦坤之三阴连类而进,象征小人道长处于旺盛的势头,这是“先否”。展到上卦,乾之三阳共同抑制了小人之势,转而为君子道长,九四开始启动,九五休止了否道,上九使否道彻底倾覆,这就是“后喜”了。
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