第41节(第3页)
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42。10月24日
三司使班在翰林学士之上。旧制,权使即与正同,故三司使结衔皆在官职之上。庆历中,叶道卿为权三司使,执政有欲抑道卿者,降敕时移权三司使在职下结衔,遂立翰林学士之下,至今为例。后尝有人论列,结衔虽依旧,而权三司使初除,门取旨,间有叙学士者,然不为定制。
宗子授南班官,世传王文正太尉为宰相日,始开此议,不然也。故事,宗子无迁官法,唯遇稀旷大庆,则普迁一官。景祐中,初定祖宗并配南郊,宗室欲缘大礼乞推恩,使诸王宫教授刁约草表上闻。后约见丞相王沂公,公问:“前日宗室乞迁官表,何人所为?”约未测其意,答以不知。归而思之,恐事穷且得罪,乃再诣相府。沂公问之如前,约愈恐,不復敢隐,遂以实对。公曰:“无他,但爱其文词耳。”再三嘉奖。徐曰:“已得旨,别有措置。更数日,当有指挥。”自此遂有南班之授,近属自初除小将军,凡七迁则为节度使,遂为定制。诸宗子以千缣谢约,约辞不敢受。余与刁亲旧,刁尝出表稿以示余。
大理法官,皆亲节案,不得使吏人。中书检正官不置吏人,每房给楷书一人录净而已。盖欲士人躬亲职事,格吏奸,兼历试人才也。 太宗命创方团球带,赐二府文臣。其后枢密使兼侍中张耆、王贻永皆特赐;李用和、曹郡王皆以元舅赐;近歳宣微使王君贶以耆旧特赐。皆出异数,非例也。近歳京师士人朝服乘马,以黪衣蒙之,谓之“凉衫”,亦古之遗法也。《仪礼》“朝服加景”是也。但不知古人制度章色如何耳。
内外制凡草制除官,自给谏、待制以上,皆有润笔物。太宗时,立润笔钱数,降诏刻石于舍人院。每除官,则移文督之。在院官下至吏人院驺,皆分沾。元丰中,改立官制,内外制皆有添给,罢润笔之物。
唐制,官序未至而以他官权摄者,为直官,如许敬宗为直记室是也。国朝学士、舍人皆置直院。熙宁中,復置直舍人、学士院,但以资浅者为之,其实正官也。熙宁六年,舍人皆迁罢,阁下无人,乃以章子平权知制诰,而不除直院者,以其暂摄也。古之兼官,多是暂时摄领;有长兼者,即同正官。余家藏《海陵王墓志》谢朓文,称“兼中书侍郎。” 三司、开封府、外州长官升厅事,则有衙吏前导告喝。国朝之制,在禁中唯三官得告:宰相告于中书,翰林学士告于本院,御史告于朝堂。皆用朱衣吏,谓之“三告官”。所经过处,阍吏以梃扣地警众,谓之“打仗子”。两府、亲王,自殿门打至本司及上马处;宣微使打于本院;三司使、知开封府打于本司。近歳寺监长官亦打,非故事。前宰相赴朝,亦有特旨,许张盖、打仗子者,系临时指挥。执丝梢鞭入内,自三司副使以上;副使唯乘紫丝暖座从入。队长持破木梃,自待制以上。近歳寺监长官持藤杖,非故事也。百官仪范,著令之外,诸家所记,尚有遗者。虽至猥细,亦一时仪物也。
国朝未改官制以前,异姓未有兼中书令者,唯赠官方有之。元丰中,曹郡王以元舅特除兼中书令,下度支给俸。有司言:“自来未有活中书令请受则例。”
都堂及寺观百官会集坐次,多出临时。唐以前故事,皆不可考,唯颜真卿与左仆射定襄郡子王郭英又书云:“宰相、御史大夫、两省五品、供奉官自为一行,十二卫大将军次之,三师、三公、令仆、少师、保傅、尚书左右丞、侍郎自为一行,九卿、三监对之。从古以来,未尝参错。”此亦略见当时故事,今录于此,以备阙文。
赐“功臣”号,始于唐德宗奉天之役。自后藩镇,下至从军资深者,例赐“功臣”。本朝唯以赐将相。熙宁中,因上皇帝尊号,宰相率同列面请三四,上终不允,曰:“徽号正如卿等‘功臣’,何补名实?”是时吴正宪为首相,乃请止“功臣”号,从之。自是群臣相继请罢,遂不復赐。
钧石之石,五权之名,石重百二十斤。后人以一斛为一石,自汉已如此,“饮酒一石不乱”是也。挽蹶弓弩,古人以钧石率之。今人乃以粳米一斛之重为一石。凡石者,以九十二斤半为法,乃汉秤三百四十一斤也。今之武卒蹶弩,有及九石者,计其力乃古之二十五石,比魏之武卒,人当二人有余;弓有挽三石者,乃古之三十四钧,比颜高之弓,人当五人有余。此皆近歳教养所成。以至击刺驰射,皆尽夷夏之术;器仗铠胄,极今古之工巧。武备之盛,前世未有其比。
《楚词·招魂》尾句皆曰“些”,苏个反。今夔、峡、湖、湘及南、北江獠人,凡禁咒句尾皆称“些”。此乃楚人旧俗,即梵语“萨冣诃”也。萨音桑葛反,冣无可反,诃从去声。三字合言之,即“些”字也。
阳燧照物皆倒,中间有碍故也。算家谓之“格术”。如人摇橹,臬为之碍故也。若鸢飞空中,其影随鸢而移,或中间为窗隙所束,则影与鸢遂相违,鸢东则影西,鸢西则影东。又如窗隙中楼塔之影,中间为窗所束,亦皆倒垂,与阳燧一也。阳燧面洼,以一指迫而照之则正;渐远则无所见;过此遂倒。其无所见处,正如窗隙、橹臬、腰鼓碍之,本末相格,遂成摇橹之势。故举手则影愈下,下手则影愈上,此其可见。阳燧面洼,向日照之,光皆聚向内。离镜一、二寸,光聚为一点,大如麻菽,著物则火发,此则腰鼓最细处也。岂特物为然,人亦如是,中间不为物碍者鲜矣。小则利害相易,是非相反;大则以已为物,以物为已。不求去碍,而欲见不颠倒,难矣哉!《酉阳杂俎》谓“海翻则塔影倒”,此妄说也。影入窗隙则倒,乃其常理。
先儒以日食正阳之月止谓四月,不然也。正、阳乃两事,正谓四月,阳谓十月。日月阳止是也。《诗》有“正月繁霜”;“十月之交,朔月辛卯。日有食之,亦孔之丑”二者,此先王所恶也。盖四月纯阳,不欲为阴所侵;十月纯阴,不欲过而干阳也。
余为《丧服后传》,书成,熙宁中欲重定五服敕,而余预讨论。雷、郑之前,阙谬固多,其间高祖远孙一事,尤为无义。《丧服》但有曾祖齐衰六月,远曾缌麻三月,而无高祖远孙服。先儒皆以谓“服同曾祖曾孙,故不言可推而知”,或曰“经之所不言则不服”,皆不然也。曾,重也。由祖而上者,皆曾祖也;由孙而下者,皆曾孙也:虽百世可也。苟有相逮者,则必为服丧三月。故虽成王之于后稷,亦称曾孙。而祭礼祝文,无远近皆曰曾孙。《礼》所谓“以五为九”者,谓傍亲之杀也。上杀、下杀至于九,傍杀至于四,而皆谓之族。族昆弟父母、族祖父母、族曾祖父母。过此则非其族也。非其族,则为之无服。唯正统不以族名,则是无绝道也。
旧传黄陵二女,尧子舜妃。以二帝化道之盛,始于闺房,则二女当具任、姒之德。考其年歳,帝舜陟方之时,二妃之齿已百歳矣。后人诗骚所赋,皆以女子待之,语多渎慢,皆礼义之罪人也。
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