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（中）品味《陟岵》诗意，这孩子应该还是在行役的途中，经常变换地方，只有如此，才会一会儿登上糙木葱郁的山岗（岵），一会儿又爬上一座荒芜的山岗（屺）。为什么说他不是在往回家赶的途中？因为诗中屡次提起行役的无止无息，亲人担忧，而不言自己归期。如果是差事已经结束，纵然心意凄凉，起码应该有类似《采薇》&ldo;今我来思&rdo;之意，可是读不见。幻想中父母兄长的声声惦念，反而加重了断肠人在天涯的孤苦感。他在家中应该是受人爱宠的小儿子，可是现在，他却孤苦伶仃，独自在外忍受着劳役的辛苦。通篇至结尾都给人极大的忧念‐‐他到底还能不能回家？最后是客死异乡还是回归故里？《陟岵》全诗三章，皆为赋体，全诗重章叠唱，每章开首两句直接抒发思亲之情。远望当归，长歌当哭。人子行役，倘非思亲情急，不会登高望乡。此诗开篇，登高远望之旨便一意三复：登上山顶，远望父亲；登上山顶，远望母亲；登上山顶，远望兄长。开首两句，便把远望当归之意、长歌当哭之情，抒发得痛切感人。然而，《陟岵》妙处和独创性，不仅仅在于起句即正面直写己之思亲之情，而在于接下来的从对面设想亲人之念己之心。主人公在嫉妒的思念中进入了这样的一个幻境：在他登高思亲之时，家乡的亲人此时此刻也正登高念己，并在他耳旁响起了亲人们一声声体贴艰辛、提醒慎重、祝愿平安的嘱咐和叮咛。细心体味，这一从对面设想的幻境，在艺术创造上有两个特点。其一，幻境的创造，是想像与怀忆的融会。汉唐的郑笺孔疏把&ldo;父曰&rdo;、&ldo;母曰&rdo;和&ldo;兄曰&rdo;，解释为征人望乡之时追忆当年临别时亲人的叮咛。此说通而不透；诗人造境不只是追忆，而是想像和怀忆的融合。正如钱钟书指出的：&ldo;然窃意面语当曰：&lso;嗟女行役&rso;；今乃曰：&lso;嗟予子（季、弟）行役&rso;，词气不类临歧分手之嘱，而似远役者思亲，因想亲亦方思己之口吻尔。&rdo;其二，亲人的念己之语，体现出鲜明的个性。毛传在各章后曾依次评曰：&ldo;父尚义&rdo;、&ldo;母尚恩&rdo;、&ldo;兄尚亲&rdo;。这虽带有迂儒气息，却已见出了人物语言的个性特点。父亲说&ldo;犹来无止&rdo;，嘱咐他不要永远滞留他乡，这语气纯从儿子出发而不失为父的旷达；母亲说&ldo;犹来无弃&rdo;，叮咛这位小儿子不要抛弃亲娘，则是更多地从母亲的心理出发，表现出难以割舍的母子之情，以及&ldo;娘怜少子&rdo;的深情；兄长的&ldo;犹来无死&rdo;，直言祈愿他不要尸骨埋他乡，这脱口而出的&ldo;犹来无死&rdo;，强烈表现了手足深情，表现了对青春生命的爱惜和珍视。这并非诗人主观的刻意造作，而是情至深处的自然表现。在这一声声亲人念己的设想语中，包含了几多嗟叹，几多叮咛，几多希冀，几多盼望，几多爱怜，几多慰藉。尤其诗的，他回忆母亲对他的叮嘱，真的让我不由自主就想起那几句唱词：&ldo;娘生儿，连心ròu。儿行千里母担忧。儿想娘身难叩首，娘想儿来泪双流。&rdo;是殊途同归的情感，我说他苦过秦琼，是因为他不用落泪已经肝肠寸断。（下）在篇幅短小、语言简古的《诗经》中，寥寥数笔即写出人物的个性，已是极为不易，而能在极逼仄的篇幅中造出幻境，从对面设想的幻境中，写出人物的特点，更属难能可贵，这在后世同类抒情模式的思乡诗中，也是不多见的。《陟岵》一诗，曾被推为&ldo;千古羁旅行役诗之祖&rdo;，这并非是说它最初表现了征人思亲的主题，而在于它开创了中国古代思乡诗一种独特的抒情模式。王维的《九月九日忆山东兄弟》为思亲佳作，中国人都已烂熟。清人沈德潜以为诗的后两句&ldo;即陟岵诗意&rdo;（《唐诗别裁集》卷十九）。的确，二者在表现方法上颇有相似之处。思想亲人，转而拟托亲人也想念自己。王维诗中也用了这种表现方法，以&ldo;遥知&rdo;使诗意的发展来个急转，转到从亲人的角度来加深表现两地相念之情。&ldo;遥知&rdo;以下全是想象，揣想这重阳佳节到来之时，亲人们定同往年一样登高饮酒。这里多说一点与重九登高有关的传说‐‐晋人桓景从仙人费长房学道，长房对他说：&ldo;九月九日，汝家当有灾厄，宜急去，令家人各作绛囊，盛茱萸以系臂，登高饮菊花酒，此祸可消&rdo;。桓景依言登高，果然避免了灾祸。后遂以九日登高为习俗。
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