第339章(第1页)
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古者有鍪而绻领,以王天下者矣。其德生而不辱,予而不夺,天下不非其服,同怀其德。当此之时,阴阳和平,风雨时节,万物蕃息。乌鹊之巢可俯而探也,禽兽可羁而从也。岂必褒衣博带,句襟委章甫哉?
古者民泽处复穴,冬日则不胜霜雪雾露,夏日则不胜暑蛰蚊虻。圣人乃作,为之筑土构木,以为宫室,上栋下宇,以蔽风雨,以避寒暑,而百姓安之。伯余之初作衣也,緂麻索缕,手经指挂,其成犹网罗。后世为之机杼胜复,以便其用,而民得以掩形御寒。
古者剡耜而耕,摩蜃而耨,木钩而樵,抱甀而汲,民劳而利薄。后世为之耒耜櫌鉏,斧柯而樵,桔槔而汲,民逸而利多焉。
古者大川名谷,冲绝道路,不通往来也;乃为窬木方版,以为舟航。故地势有无,得相委输。乃为靻蹻而千里,肩荷负儋之勤也,而作为之楺轮建舆,驾马服牛,民以致远而不劳。为鸷禽猛兽之害伤人,而无以禁御也;而作为之铸金锻铁以为兵刃,猛兽不能为害。
故民迫其难,则求其便;困其患,则造其备。人各以其所知,去其所害,就其所利。常故不可循,器械不可因也,则先王之法度,有移易者矣。古之制,婚礼不称主人,舜不告而娶,非礼也。立子以长,文王舍伯邑考而用武王,非制也。礼三十而娶,文王十五而生武王,非法也。夏后氏殡于阼阶之上,殷人殡于两楹之间,周人殡于西阶之上,此礼之不同者也。有虞氏用瓦棺,夏后氏堲周,殷人用椁,周人墙置翣,此葬之不同者也。夏后氏祭于暗,殷人祭于阳,周人祭于日出以朝,此祭之不同者也。尧《大章》,舜《九韶》,禹《大夏》,汤《大濩》,周《武象》,此乐之不同者也。故五帝异道,而德覆天下;三王殊事,而名施后世。此皆因时变而制礼乐者。譬犹师旷之施瑟柱也,所推移上下者,无寸尺之度,而靡不中音,故通于礼乐之情者能作音,有本主于中,而以知榘彟之所周者也。鲁昭公有慈母而爱之,死,为之练冠,故有慈母之服。阳侯杀蓼侯而窃其夫人,故大飨废夫人之礼。先王之制,不宜则废之。末世之事,善则着之,是故礼乐未始有常也。
故圣人制礼乐,而不制于礼乐。治国有常,而利民为本;政教有经,而令行为上。苟利于民,不必法古;苟周于事,不必循旧。夫夏、商之衰也,不变法而亡;三代之起也,不相袭而王。故圣人法与时变,礼与俗化。衣服器械,各便其用;法度制令,各因其宜。故变古未可非,而循俗未足多也。百川异源,而皆归于海;百家殊业,而皆务于治。王道缺而《诗》作,周室废,礼义坏,而《春秋》作。《诗》、《春秋》,学之美者也,皆衰世之造也,儒者循之,以教导于世,岂若三代之盛哉!以《诗》、《春秋》为古之道而贵之,又有未作《诗》、《春秋》之时。夫道其缺也,不若道其全也。诵先王之《诗》、《书》,不若闻得其言,闻得其言,不若得其所以言,得其所以言者,言弗能言也。
故道可道者,非常道也。周公事文王也,行无专制,事无由己,身若不胜衣,言若不出口,有奉持于文王,洞洞属属,而将不能,恐失之,可谓能子矣。武王崩,成王幼少。周公继文王之业,履天子之籍,听天下之政,平夷狄之乱,诛管、蔡之罪,负扆而朝诸侯,诛赏制断,无所顾问,威动天地,声慑四海,可谓能武矣。成王既壮,周公属籍致政,北面委质而臣事之,请而后为,复而后行,无擅恣之志,无伐矜之色,可谓能臣矣。故一人之身而三变者,所以应时矣。何况乎君数易世,国数易君,人以其位达其好憎,以其威势供嗜欲,而欲以一行之礼,一定之法,应时偶变,其所不能中权亦明矣。
故圣人所由曰道,所为曰事。道犹金石,一调不更;事犹琴瑟,每弦改调。故法制礼义者,治人之具也,而非所以为治也。故仁以为经,义以为纪,此万世不更者也。若乃人考其才,而时省其用,虽日变可也。天下岂有常法哉!当于世事,行于人理,顺于天地,祥于鬼神,则可以正治矣。古者人醇工庞,商朴女重,是以政教易化,风俗易移也。今世德益衰,民俗益薄,欲以朴重之法,治既弊之民,是犹无镝衔■策錣而御馯马也。昔者,神农无制令而民从,唐、虞有制令而无刑罚,夏后氏不负言,殷人誓,周人盟。逮至当今之世,忍訽而轻辱,贪得而寡羞,欲以神农之道治之,则其乱必矣。伯成子高辞为诸侯而耕,天下高之。今之时人,辞官而隐处,为乡邑之下,岂可同哉!古之兵,弓剑而已矣,槽矛无击,修戟无刺;晚世之兵,隆冲以攻,渠蛘惨允兀连弩以射,销车以斗。古之伐国,不杀黄口,不获二毛。于古为义,于今为笑。古之所以为荣者,今之所以为辱也;古之所以为治者,今之所以为乱也。夫神农、伏羲不施赏罚而民不为非,然而立政者不能废法而治民;舜执干戚而服有苗,然而征伐者不能释甲兵而制强暴。由此观之,法度者,所以论民俗而节缓急也;器械者,因时变而制宜适也。
夫圣人作法,而万物制焉;贤者立礼,而不肖者拘焉。制法之民,不可与远举;拘礼之人,不可使应变。耳不知清浊之分者,不可令调音;心不知治乱之源者,不可令制法。必有独闻之耳,独见之明,然后能擅道而行矣。夫殷变夏,周变殷,春秋变周,三代之礼不同,何古之从!大人作而弟子循。知法治所由生,则应时而变;不知法治之源,虽循古,终乱。
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