第40节(第2页)
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大驾卤簿中有勘箭,如古之勘契也。其牡谓之“雄牡箭”,牝谓之“辟仗箭”。本胡法也。熙宁中罢之。
前世藏书,分隶数处,盖防水火散亡也。今三馆、秘阁,凡四处藏书,然同在崇文院。其间官书,多为人盗窃,士大夫家往往得之。嘉祐中,置编校官八员,杂雠四馆书。给吏百人,悉以黄纸为大册写之。自此私家不敢辄藏。校雠累年,仅能终昭文一馆之书而罢。
旧翰林学士地势清切,皆不兼他务。文馆职任,自校理以上,皆有职钱,唯内外制不给。杨大年久为学士,家贫,请外,表词千余言,其间两联曰:“虚忝甘泉之从臣,终作莫敖之馁鬼。”“从者之病莫兴,方朔之饥欲死。”京师百官上日,唯翰林学士敕设用乐,他虽宰相,亦无此礼。优伶并开封府点集。陈和叔除学士时,和叔知开封府,遂不用女优。学士院敕设不用女优,自和叔始。 礼部贡院试进士日,设香案于阶前,主司与举人对拜,此唐故事也。所坐设位供张甚盛,有司具茶汤饮浆。至试学究,则悉彻帐幕毡席之类,亦无茶汤,渴则饮砚水,人人皆黔其吻。非故欲困之,乃防毡幕及供应人私传所试经义。盖尝有败者,故事为之防。欧文忠有诗:“焚香礼进士,彻幕待经生。”以为礼数重轻如此,其实自有谓也。
嘉祐中,进士奏名讫,未御试,京师妄传“王俊民为状元”,不知言之所起,人亦莫知俊民为何人。及御试,王荆公时为知制诰,与天章阁待制杨乐道二人为详定官。旧制,御试举人,设初考官,先定等第;復弥之以送覆考官,再定等第;乃付详定官,发初考官所定等,以对覆考之等:如同即已;不同,则详其程文,当从初考或从覆考为定,即不得别立等。是时,王荆公以初、覆考所定第一人皆未允当,于行间别取一人为状首。杨乐道守法,以为不可。议论未决,太常少卿朱从道时为封弥官,闻之,谓同舍曰:“二公何用力争,从道十日前已闻王俊民为状元,事必前定。二公恨自苦耳。”既而二人各以已意进禀,而诏从荆公之请。及发封,乃王俊民也。详定官得别立等,自此始,遂为定制。防盗章
40。2016。10。22
自永微以后,人主多居大明宫,别置从官,谓之“东头供奉官”。
唐制,两省供奉官东西对立,谓之“蛾眉班”。国初,供奉班于百官前横列。王溥罢相为东宫,一品班在供奉班之后,遂令供奉班依旧分立。庆历贾安公为中丞,以东西班对拜为非礼,復令横行。至今初叙班分立;百官班定,乃转班横行;参罢,復分立;百官班退,乃出。参用旧制也。
衣冠故事,多无著令,但相承为例;如学士舍人蹑履见丞相,往还用平状,扣阶乘马之类,皆用故事也。近歳多用靴简。章子厚为学士日,因事论列,今则遂为著令矣。
中国衣冠,自北齐以来,乃全用胡服。窄袖、绯绿短衣、长靿靴、有鞢带,皆胡服也。窄袖利于驰射,短衣、长靿皆便于涉草。胡人乐茂草,常寝处其间,予使北时皆见之。虽王庭亦在深荐中。予至胡庭日,新雨过,涉草,衣裤皆濡,唯胡人都无所沾。带衣所垂蹀躞,盖欲佩带弓剑、帉帨、算囊、刀砺之类。自后虽去蹀躞,而犹存其环,环所以衔蹀躞,如马之鞧根,即今之带銙也。天子必以十三环为节,唐武德贞观时犹尔。开元之后,虽仍旧俗,而稍褒博矣。然带钩尚穿带本为孔,本朝加顺折,茂人文也。幞头一谓之四脚,乃四带也。二带系脑后垂之,二带反系头上,令曲折附顶,故亦谓之“折上巾”。唐制,唯人主得用硬脚。晚唐方镇擅命,始僭用硬脚。本朝幞头有直脚、局脚、交脚、朝天、顺风,凡五等。唯直脚贵贱通服之。又庶人所戴头巾,唐人亦谓之“四脚”,盖两脚系脑后,两脚系颔下,取其服劳不脱也。无事则反系于顶上。今人不復系颔下,两带遂为虚设。
唐中书指挥事谓之“堂帖子”,曾见唐人堂帖,宰相签押,格如今之堂劄子也。
予及史馆检讨时,议枢密院劄子问宣头所起。余按唐故事,中书舍人职堂语诏,皆写四本:一本为底,一本为宣。此“宣”谓行出耳,未以名书也。晚唐枢密使自禁中受旨,出付中书,即谓之“宣”。中书承受,录之于籍,谓之“宣底”。今史馆中尚有故《宣底》二卷,如今之《圣语簿》也。梁朝初置崇仁院,专行密命。至后唐庄宗復枢密使,使郭崇韬、安重诲为之,始分领政事,不关由中书直行下者谓之“宣”,如中书之“敕”。小事则发头子,拟堂贴也。至今枢密院用宣及头子,本朝枢密院亦用劄子。但中书劄子,宰相押字在上,次相及参政以次向下;枢密院劄子,枢长押字在下,副贰以次向上:以此为别。头子唯给驿马之类用之。
百官于中书见宰相,九卿而下,即省吏高声唱一声“屈”,则趋而入。宰相揖及进茶,皆抗声赞喝,谓之“屈揖”。待制以上见,则言“请某官”,更不屈揖,临退仍进汤,皆于席南横设百官之位,升朝则坐,京官已下皆立。后殿引臣寮,则待制已上宣名拜舞;庶官但赞拜,不宣名,不舞蹈。中书略贵者,示与之抗也。上前则略微者,杀礼也。
唐制,丞郎拜官,即笼门谢。今三司副使已上拜官,则拜舞于子阶上;百官拜于阶下,而不舞蹈。此亦笼门故事也。
学士院第三厅学士子,当前有一巨槐,素号“槐厅”。旧传居此者,多至入相。学士争槐厅,至有抵彻前人行李而强据之者。余为学士时,目观此事。
谏议班在知制诰上;若带待制,则在知制诰下,从职也,戏语谓之“带坠”。
《集贤院记》:“开元故事,校书官许称学士”。今三馆职事,皆称“学士”,用开元故事也。
馆阁新书净本有误书处,以雌黄涂之。尝校改字之法:刮洗则伤纸,纸贴之又易脱,粉涂则字不没,涂数遍方能漫灭。唯雌黄一漫则灭,仍久而不脱。古人谓之铅黄,盖用之有素矣。
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