为民者宣之使言(第1页)
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《国语》
厉王虐,国人谤王。邵公告曰:“民不堪命矣!”王怒,得卫巫,使监谤者。以告,则杀之。国人莫敢言,道路以目。王喜,告邵公曰:“吾能弭谤矣,乃不敢言。”邵公曰:“是障之也。防民之口,甚于防川。川壅而溃,伤人必多。民亦如之。是故为川者决之使导,为民者宣之使言。故天子听政,使公卿至于列士献诗,瞽献典,史献书,师箴,瞍赋,蒙诵,百工谏,庶人传语,近臣尽规,亲戚补察,瞽、史教诲,耆、艾修之,而后王斟酌焉,是以事行而不悖。民之有口,犹土之有山川也,财用于是乎出,犹其原隰之有衍沃也,衣食于是乎生。口之宣言也,善败于是乎兴。行善而备败,其所以阜财用衣食者也。夫民虑之于心而宣之于口,胡可壅也?若壅其口,其与能几何?”王不听,于是国人莫敢出言,三年,乃流王于彘。
【译文】
周厉王暴虐无道,老百姓都指责他的暴政。邵公告诉厉王说:“人民忍受不了这样的暴政了!”厉王怒了,找来卫国的巫师,派他监视那些指责朝政的人。根据卫国巫师的报告,厉王就把被告杀掉。老百姓都不敢说话了,在路上遇见,也只是以眼神示意。
周厉王高兴了,告诉邵公说:“我能制止老百姓的指责议论了,人们再也不敢说什么了。”
邵公说:“这是阻塞人们的言论啊。堵住人民的嘴,比堵塞河流更严重。河流壅塞而崩溃泛滥,伤害人一定很多。人民也是这样。因此,治水的人要挖开水道,使它通畅流淌;治民的人也应开导他们,使他们畅所欲言。所以天子处理政事时,让公卿以至列士进献讽谕诗,让盲乐师进献乐曲;让史官进献史籍;让太师进献劝谏的箴言;让无眸子的盲人吟咏,让有眸子的盲人诵读;让各种乐工进谏,让平民百姓把他们的话传上来;让近臣尽力规劝,让王室成员弥补天子的过失,监察朝政;盲乐师和史官以乐歌、史籍之言教诲天子;让国内元老将这些意见加以归纳整理,然后,由天子斟酌处理。这样做事就不致违背情理。人民有口,就像土地上有山水,财物用度都从这里出产;又如土地上有高原、洼地、低平之地、水浇之田,衣服、食物也从这里出产。人民用嘴表意见,政事的好坏就列举出来了。推行好的防止坏的,就能使财用、衣食增多起来。老百姓内心考虑的事能说出来,就应照着实行,怎么能加以堵塞呢?如果堵住了老百姓的嘴,还有多少人会关心政事呢?”周厉王不听。
于是,老百姓再也不敢说话了。过了三年,老百姓就把厉王流放到彘地去了。
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