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曹雪芹在他"芹圃"一字的基础上取号"雪芹",应该是从东坡诗里的"泥芹""雪芽"取义。《东坡八》这诗远比苏辙的诗和一百多年后范成大的诗有名。东坡最著名的别号也由此而起。曹寅很喜欢苏轼的诗,可从他所作诗中有"用东坡集中韵"一事看出来。《四库提要》也说:"其诗出入于白居易、苏轼之间。"虽然失之简单化,毕竟看出有苏诗的作用。曹雪芹自己的作品也往往现出苏轼的影响,例如《红楼梦》第七十六回写"寒塘渡鹤影"那只"黑影里嘎然一声"飞起的白鹤,正像《后赤壁赋》里描写的那只"玄裳缟衣,戛然长鸣"的神秘的孤鹤。第三十八回宝玉的"种菊"诗里有"昨夜不期经雨活,今朝犹喜带霜开"和"泉溉泥封勤护惜"的句子,与《东坡》诗中"微泉","泥芹宿根"和"昨夜"一犁"雨"之活荒草,也可能有一些渊源。假如这个猜测不全错,那就更可见雪芹确曾留心过《东坡八》了。他家先世既"屡蒙国恩",后来皇恩枯竭,遭受抄没,也许正如汝昌所说,其时或许还有人保护才得幸存过活。他想到苏轼的遭遇,读了《东坡》诗,当然会引起许多同感,何况东坡诗又用的是他的字"芹"自比,所以便取了"雪芹"做别号。东坡的"泥芹"之泥固然是污浊的(宝玉所谓"男人是泥做的骨肉"),但它的"雪芽"却是出于污泥而不染。苏轼兄弟诗里的雪多半是洁白而有保护作用的,曹雪芹下的雪尤其美丽,带有耐冷保护诸义。试看《红楼梦》第四十九回芦雪庭即景咏雪联句中说的:"有意荣枯草,无心饰萎苕",便带有这种意思。("苕"字程、高本误作"苗",殊不知这儿苕字是取《诗经》小雅《苕之华》之义,朱传所谓"诗人自以身逢周室之衰,如苕附物而生,虽荣不久,故以为比。"雪芹原句是指雪不愿来装饰那些依附于即将衰败的皇室统治者的人们。改成"苗"字便全不相合了。)"雪芹"二字含有宿根独存、洁白、清苦和耐冷诸义。苏辙后来写《春》诗时,用"雪底芹"一词,也许仍是受了东坡诗的影响,他下面两句是:"欲得春来怕春晚,春来会是出山云",也有瞻望东风解冻的意思。说到这里,不免想起汝昌在增订本《证》里采录《午梦堂集》一篇《曹雪芹先生传》,其中值得注意的一点是说雪芹号"耐冷道人"。这就和我上面所解释的"雪芹"意义恰好相合。这篇传里固然有好些错误,但有好几处说得相当正确,正如汝昌所说,“岂尽向壁虚构所能为?”
说到这里,不妨再给曹雪芹的另一个别号"梦阮"附带也解说几句。大家都知道这别号是表示向往阮籍。敦诚赠雪芹诗已明说"步兵白眼向人斜"。追忆他的诗也有"狂于阮步兵"之句。但雪芹做人的态度狂傲像阮籍,也许还是表面的;他向往阮籍而取号"梦阮",我以为或许还有更深一层意义。这就牵涉到阮籍的处境、思想和态度,与曹雪芹有许多相类似之处的问题。《晋书》本传说:"籍本有济世志,属魏、晋之际,天下多故,名士少有全者。由是不与世事,遂酣饮为常。"这本已像"于国于家无望","无材可去补苍天,枉入红尘若许年"了。大家又都知道,阮籍的父亲阮瑀曾做过曹操的"司空军谋祭酒,管书记",和曹丕、曹植兄弟都很要好,为"建安七子"之一。司马氏篡魏时,曹爽、何晏等谋复兴曹魏,事败被诛。阮籍曾拒绝属于司马氏一党的蒋济的邀请。据《魏氏春秋》,籍却担任过曹爽的参军。他又与何晏等人相似,浸沉于老、庄思想,违背司马氏一党所倡导的保守派儒家礼教。嵇康说他"至为礼法之士所绳,疾之如讐"。曹雪芹因雍正夺取政权后现曹家和他的政敌胤禩、胤■有关系而遭抄家之祸。他的身世自然很容易使他联想到阮籍在司马氏夺取曹魏政权后的遭遇。何况阮家世属曹党,而雪芹的祖父曹寅就时常被称赞才如曹植;寅著《续琵琶》传奇替曹操赎回蔡文姬事吹嘘,当时人便批评他可能袒其同宗。曹寅赠洪昇诗正有"礼法谁曾轻阮籍"之句。敦诚也尝引杜甫诗说雪芹乃是"魏武之子孙",而敦敏寄雪芹的诗也说:"诗才忆曹植。"这当然并不一定是说曹雪芹已确认曹操是他的祖先。《红楼梦》里把王莽、曹操一样说成"大恶",但那到底只是贾雨村说的"假语村言"。我所要指出的只是,曹雪芹的家世背景很容易使他联想到并同情于因属于曹党而遭受政治歧视的阮籍。
再看阮籍的为人处世,王隐《晋书》说:"阮籍有才而嗜酒荒放,露头散,裸袒箕踞。"《魏氏春秋》说他"宏达不羁,不拘礼俗。"《世说语》《任诞篇》注引《文士传》说他"放诞有傲世情,不乐仕宦。"但他能"口不论人过",目的是"佯狂避时"以免祸,所以司马昭说他"未尝评论时事,臧否人物",不曾加害于他。正和曹雪芹在《红楼梦》里掩饰着说:"毫不干涉时世""亦非伤时骂世"相类似。尤其明显的是,《红楼梦》的作者对女子特别同情,对男女爱情尤别有体会。这也正是阮籍的特性之一。《晋书》阮籍本传说: 籍嫂尝归宁,籍相见与别。或〔《文选》注引《晋阳秋》此下有"以礼"二字。〕讥之,籍曰:"礼岂为我设邪?"邻家少妇有美色,当垆酤酒。籍常诣妇饮,醉便卧其侧。籍不自嫌。其夫察之亦不疑也。〔《世说》《任诞篇》作:"夫始殊疑之,伺察,终无他意。"〕兵家女〔同篇引王隐《晋书》作"籍邻家处子。"〕有才色,未嫁而死。籍不识其父兄,〔同上作:"籍与无亲,生不相识。"〕径往哭之,尽哀而还。其外坦荡而内淳至,皆此类也。(按籍从侄阮咸亦"竹林七贤"之一,《世说语》《任诞篇》说他"先幸姑家鲜卑婢,及居母丧,姑当远移,初云当留婢;既,定将去";他便"借客驴著重服自追之,累骑而返"。注引《竹林七贤论》曰:"咸既追婢,于是世议纷然。")
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