第72节(第1页)
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其明年,有司言雍五畤无牢熟具,芬芳不备。乃命祠官进畤犊牢具,五色食所胜,而以木禺马代驹焉。独五帝用驹,行亲郊用驹。及诸名山川用驹者,悉以木禺马代。行过,乃用驹。他礼如故。
其明年,东巡海上,考神仙之属,未有验者。方士有言“黄帝时为五城十二楼,以候神人於执期,命曰迎年”。上许作之如方,名曰明年。上亲礼祠上帝,衣上黄焉。
公玉带曰:“黄帝时虽封泰山,然风后、封钜、岐伯令黄帝封东泰山,禅凡山合符,然後不死焉。”天子既令设祠具,至东泰山,东泰山卑小,不称其声,乃令祠官礼之,而不封禅焉。其後令带奉祠候神物。夏,遂还泰山,脩五年之礼如前,而加禅祠石闾。石闾者,在泰山下阯南方,方士多言此仙人之闾也,故上亲禅焉。
其後五年,复至泰山脩封,还过祭常山。
今天子所兴祠,泰一、后土,三年亲郊祠,建汉家封禅,五年一脩封。薄忌泰一及三一、冥羊、马行、赤星,五,宽舒之祠官以岁时致礼。凡六祠,皆太祝领之。至如八神诸神,明年、凡山他名祠,行过则祀,去则已。方士所兴祠,各自主,其人终则已,祠官弗主。他祠皆如其故。今上封禅,其後十二岁而还,遍於五岳、四渎矣。而方士之候祠神人,入海求蓬莱,终无有验。而公孙卿之候神者,犹以大人迹为解,无其效。天子益怠厌方士之怪迂语矣,然终羁縻弗绝,冀遇其真。自此之後,方士言祠神者弥众,然其效可睹矣。
太史公曰:余从巡祭天地诸神名山川而封禅焉。入寿宫侍祠神语,究观方士祠官之言,於是退而论次自古以来用事於鬼神者,具见其表里。後有君子,得以览焉。至若俎豆珪币之详,献酬之礼,则有司存焉。孝武纂极,四海承平。志尚奢丽,尤敬神明。坛开八道,接通五城。朝亲五利,夕拜文成。祭非祀典,巡乖卜征。登嵩勒岱,望景传声。迎年祀日,改历定正。疲秏中土,事彼边兵。日不暇给,人无聊生。俯观嬴政,几欲齐衡。
太史公曰:五帝、三代之记,尚矣。自殷以前诸侯不可得而谱,周以来乃颇可著。孔子因史文次春秋,纪元年,正时日月,盖其详哉。至於序尚书则略,无年月;或颇有,然多阙,不可录。故疑则传疑,盖其慎也。
余读谍记,黄帝以来皆有年数。稽其历谱谍终始五德之传,古文咸不同,乖异。夫子之弗论次其年月,岂虚哉!於是以五帝系谍、尚书集世纪黄帝以来讫共和为世表。
(表略)
张夫子问褚先生曰:“诗言契、后稷皆无父而生。今案诸传记咸言有父,父皆黄帝子也,得无与诗谬秋?”
褚先生曰:“不然。诗言契生於卵,后稷人迹者,欲见其有天命精诚之意耳。鬼神不能自成,须人而生,柰何无父而生乎!一言有父,一言无父,信以传信,疑以传疑,故两言之。尧知契、稷皆贤人,天之所生,故封之契七十里,後十馀世至汤,王天下。尧知后稷子孙之後王也,故益封之百里,其後世且千岁,至文王而有天下。诗传曰:“汤之先为契,无父而生。契母与姊妹浴於玄丘水,有燕衔卵堕之,契母得,故含之,误吞之,即生契。契生而贤,尧立为司徒,姓之曰子氏。子者兹;兹,益大也。诗人美而颂之曰“殷社芒芒,天命玄鸟,降而生商”。商者质,殷号也。文王之先为后稷,后稷亦无父而生。后稷母为姜嫄,出见大人迹而履践之,知於身,则生后稷。姜嫄以为无父,贱而弃之道中,牛羊避不践也。抱之山中,山者养之。又捐之大泽,鸟覆席食之。姜嫄怪之,於是知其天子,乃取长之。尧知其贤才,立以为大农,姓之曰姬氏。姬者,本也。诗人美而颂之曰“厥初生民”,深修益成,而道后稷之始也。”孔子曰:“昔者尧命契为子氏,为有汤也。命后稷为姬氏,为有文王也。大王命季历,明天瑞也。太伯之吴,遂生源也。”天命难言,非圣人莫能见。舜、禹、契、后稷皆黄帝子孙也。黄帝策天命而治天下,德泽深後世,故其子孙皆复立为天子,是天之报有德也。人不知,以为氾从布衣匹夫起耳。夫布衣匹夫安能无故而起王天下乎?其有天命然。”
“黄帝後世何王天下之久远邪?”
曰:“传云天下之君王为万夫之黔首请赎民之命者帝,有福万世。黄帝是也。五政明则修礼义,因天时举兵征伐而利者王,有福千世。蜀王,黄帝後世也,至今在汉西南五千里,常来朝降,输献於汉,非以其先之有德,泽流後世邪?行道德岂可以忽秋哉!人君王者举而观之。汉大将军霍子孟名光者,亦黄帝後世也。此可为博闻远见者言,固难为浅闻者说也。何以言之?古诸侯以国为姓。霍者,国名也。武王封弟叔处於霍,後世晋献公灭霍公,後世为庶民,往来居平阳。平阳在河东,河东晋地,分为卫国。以诗言之,亦可为周世。周起后稷,后稷无父而生。以三代世传言之,后稷有父名高辛;高辛,黄帝曾孙。黄帝终始传曰:“汉兴百有馀年,有人不短不长,出燕之乡,持天下之政,时有婴兒主,欲行车。”霍将军者,本居平阳燕。臣为郎时,与方士考功会旗亭下,为臣言。岂不伟哉!”
高辛之胤,大启祯祥。脩己吞薏,石纽兴王。天命玄鸟,简秋生商。姜嫄履迹,祚流岐昌。俱膺历运,互有兴亡。风馀周召,刑措成康。出彘之後,诸侯日彊。
太史公读春秋历谱谍,至周厉王,未尝不废书而叹也。曰:呜呼,师挚见之矣!纣为象箸而箕子唏。周道缺,诗人本之衽席,关雎作。仁义陵迟,鹿鸣刺焉。及至厉王,以恶闻其过,公卿惧诛而祸作,厉王遂奔于彘,乱自京师始,而共和行政焉。是後或力政,彊乘弱,兴师不请天子。然挟王室之义,以讨伐为会盟主,政由五伯,诸侯恣行,淫侈不轨,贼臣絪子滋起矣。齐、晋、秦、楚其在成周微甚,封或百里或五十里。晋阻三河,齐负东海,楚介江淮,秦因雍州之固,四海迭兴,更为伯主,文武所襃大封,皆威而服焉。是以孔子明王道,干七十馀君,莫能用,故西观周室,论史记旧闻,兴於鲁而次春秋,上记隐,下至哀之获麟,约其辞文,去其烦重,以制义法,王道备,人事浃。七十子之徒口受其传指,为有所刺讥襃讳挹损之文辞不可以书见也。鲁君子左丘明惧弟子人人异端,各安其意,失其真,故因孔子史记具论其语,成左氏春秋。铎椒为楚威王传,为王不能尽观春秋,采取成败,卒四十章,为铎氏微。赵孝成王时,其相虞卿上采春秋,下观近势,亦著八篇,为虞氏春秋。吕不韦者,秦庄襄王相,亦上观尚古,删拾春秋,集六国时事,以为八览、六论、十二纪,为吕氏春秋。及如荀卿、孟子、公孙固、韩非之徒,各往往捃摭春秋之文以著书,不同胜纪。汉相张苍历谱五德,上大夫董仲舒推春秋义,颇著文焉。
太史公曰:儒者断其义,驰说者骋其辞,不务综其终始;历人取其年月,数家隆於神运,谱谍独记世谥,其辞略,欲一观诸要难。於是谱十二诸侯,自共和讫孔子,表见春秋、国语学者所讥盛衰大指著于篇,为成学治古文者要删焉。
太史公读秦记,至犬戎败幽王,周东徙洛邑,秦襄公始封为诸侯,作西畤用事上帝,僭端见矣。礼曰:“天子祭天地,诸侯祭其域内名山大川。”今秦杂戎翟之俗,先暴戾,後仁义,位在籓臣而胪於郊祀,君子惧焉。及文公逾陇,攘夷狄,尊陈宝,营岐雍之间,而穆公脩政,东竟至河,则与齐桓、晋文中国侯伯侔矣。是後陪臣执政,大夫世禄,六卿擅晋权,征伐会盟,威重於诸侯。及田常杀简公而相齐国,诸侯晏然弗讨,海内争於战功矣。三国终之卒分晋,田和亦灭齐而有之,六国之盛自此始。务在彊兵并敌,谋诈用而从衡短长之说起。矫称出,誓盟不信,虽置质剖符犹不能约束也。秦始小国僻远,诸夏宾之,比於戎翟,至献公之後常雄诸侯。论秦之德义不如鲁卫之暴戾者,量秦之兵不如三晋之彊也,然卒并天下,非必险固便形埶利也,盖若天所助焉。
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